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<title>Jalaa language</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jalaa language</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Jalaa" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="Jalaa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jalaa (disambiguation)">Jalaa (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #dddddd;">Jalaa</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #dddddd;">Centúúm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #dddddd;"><span title="Centúúm-language text"><span lang="cet">bàsàrə̀n dà jàlààbè̩</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Loojaa settlement in <a href="Balanga%2C_Nigeria" title="Balanga, Nigeria">Balanga</a> Local Government Area, <a href="Gombe_State" title="Gombe State">Gombe State</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">likely by 2010<sup id="cite_ref-Kleine2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleine2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #dddddd;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cet" class="extiw external" title="iso639-3:cet">cet</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cent2045">cent2045</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4161">Centúúm</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">

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<p><b>Jalaa</b> (autonym: <span title="Centúúm-language text"><span lang="cet">bàsàrə̀n dà jàlààbè̩</span></span>), also known as <b>Cèntûm</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Blench2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blench2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Centúúm</b> or <b>Cen Tuum</b>, is an <a href="Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct language</a> of northeastern <a href="Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (Loojaa settlement in <a href="Balanga%2C_Nigeria" title="Balanga, Nigeria">Balanga</a> Local Government Area, <a href="Gombe_State" title="Gombe State">Gombe State</a>), of uncertain origins, apparently a <a href="Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>. The Jalabe (as descendants of speakers of the language are called) speak the Bwilim dialect of the <a href="Dikaka_language" title="Dikaka language">Dikaka language</a>. It is possible (but unconfirmed) that some remembered words have been retained for religious ceremonies, but in 1992 only a few elders remember words that their parents had used, and by 2010 there may not even remain any such rememberers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleine2010_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleine2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Jalabe are said to have come to Loojaa from an area a few miles south within the <a href="Muri_Mountains" title="Muri Mountains">Muri Mountains</a>, where they had shared a settlement with Tso and Kwa clans. (The name of this settlement, Cèntûm or Cùntûm, is used as a name for the language in some sources. Jalaa elders differ in whether they believe Jalaa or Centum/Cuntum was their original name for themselves.) Later, during the nineteenth century, the <a href="Dikaka_language" title="Dikaka language">Dikaka</a> arrived in the area, fleeing attacks from the larger <a href="Waja_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Waja languages">Waja</a> to the north; the Cham intermarried with the Jalabe, and the Jalabe began to adopt the Dikaka language.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div>

<p>The phonology of Jalaa is as follows.<sup id="cite_ref-Blench2014_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blench2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<caption>Consonants

</caption>

</th>

<th><a href="Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a>/<br><a href="Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">Labial-velar</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a>

</th></tr>

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<th colspan="2"><a href="Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a>

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</td>

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</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

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<th rowspan="2"><a href="Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/<br><a href="Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a>

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<th><small>voiceless</small>

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

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</td></tr>

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<th><a href="Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)"><small>voiced</small></a>

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

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<th colspan="2"><a href="Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a>

</th>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td></tr>

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<th colspan="2"><a href="Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a>

</th>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2"><a href="Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a>

</th>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<caption>Vowels

</caption>

<th>

</th>

<th><a href="Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a>

</th>

</th></tr>

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<th><a href="Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a>

</th>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td></tr>

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<th><a href="Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a>

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</td>

<td>

</td>

</td></tr>

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<th><a href="Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a>

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2></div>

<p>Jalaa morphology (at least in its present form) is almost identical to that of <a href="Dikaka_language" title="Dikaka language">Cham</a>. The main differences in the <a href="Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun class</a> system are two of the plural suffixes: Jalaa <span title="Centúúm-language text"><i lang="cet">-ta</i></span> versus Cham <span title="Dijim-Bwilim-language text"><span lang="cfa">-te̩</span></span> and (for humans) Jalaa <span title="Centúúm-language text"><i lang="cet">-bo</i></span>, <span title="Centúúm-language text"><i lang="cet">-ba</i></span> versus Cham <span title="Dijim-Bwilim-language text"><span lang="cfa">-b(e̩)</span></span>.

</p><p>Noun morphology is similar to that of Cham, but with some differences. Some sample singular and plural noun sets in Jalaa and Cham:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<th rowspan="2">Gloss

</th>

<th colspan="2">Jalaa

</th>

<th colspan="2">Cham

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>pl.

</th>

<th>pl.

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>mouth</td>

<td><span title="Centúúm-language text"><i lang="cet">bɔɔní</i></span></td>

<td><span title="Dijim-Bwilim-language text"><i lang="cfa">ɲiini</i></span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span title="Centúúm-language text"><i lang="cet">gwììràŋ</i></span></td>

<td><span title="Centúúm-language text"><i lang="cet">gwììtɛ̀</i></span></td>

<td><span title="Dijim-Bwilim-language text"><i lang="cfa">riyaŋ</i></span></td>

<td><span title="Dijim-Bwilim-language text"><i lang="cfa">riitɛ</i></span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span title="Centúúm-language text"><i lang="cet">lìbòté</i></span></td>

<td><span title="Dijim-Bwilim-language text"><i lang="cfa">nàmtɛ</i></span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span title="Centúúm-language text"><i lang="cet">suroŋ</i></span></td>

<td><span title="Centúúm-language text"><i lang="cet">suroŋte</i></span></td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span title="Centúúm-language text"><i lang="cet">yamər</i></span></td>

<td><span title="Centúúm-language text"><i lang="cet">yaməta</i></span></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span title="Centúúm-language text"><i lang="cet">kobər</i></span></td>

<td><span title="Centúúm-language text"><i lang="cet">kobta</i></span></td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span title="Centúúm-language text"><i lang="cet">fuuta</i></span></td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span title="Centúúm-language text"><i lang="cet">ʧùùbó</i></span></td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>person</td>

<td><span title="Centúúm-language text"><i lang="cet">nətaaba</i></span></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>crocodile</td>

<td><span title="Dijim-Bwilim-language text"><i lang="cfa">kùlɔŋ</i></span></td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span title="Dijim-Bwilim-language text"><i lang="cfa">fúbər</i></span></td>

<td><span title="Dijim-Bwilim-language text"><i lang="cfa">fúbtɛ</i></span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span title="Dijim-Bwilim-language text"><i lang="cfa">ʤɔɔtɛ</i></span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>stranger</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2></div>

<p>The Jalaa lexicon is also strongly influenced by Dikaka (which it has in turn influenced); some similarities are also found with the nearby <a href="Tso_language" title="Tso language">Tso</a>. However, most of its vocabulary is extremely unusual. In Kleinewillinghöfer's words, "The major part of the lexicon seems to differ entirely from all the surrounding languages, which themselves represent different language families."

</p><p>Both Dikaka and the Tso traditionally avoided using names of the dead. When those names were also words of the language, as often happened, this forced them to change the word, sometimes by replacing it with a word from a neighboring language. Kleinewillinghöfer regards this as a motivation for certain cases of borrowing from Jalaa into Dikaka.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3></div>

<p>The numerals 1-6 in Jalaa are:

</p>

<ol><li><span title="Centúúm-language text"><i lang="cet">násán</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Centúúm-language text"><i lang="cet">tətáá</i></span>, <span title="Centúúm-language text"><i lang="cet">bwànbí</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Centúúm-language text"><i lang="cet">təbwár</i></span>, <span title="Centúúm-language text"><i lang="cet">ŋbár</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Centúúm-language text"><i lang="cet">tənúkùn</i></span></li></ol>

<p>Above 5, the numerals are almost identical to Dikaka. The numerals 2 through 5 are almost identical with Tso, while "one" has no clear cognates.

</p>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Jalaa_word_list" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Jalaa word list">Appendix:Jalaa word list</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a href="Bung_language" title="Bung language">Bung language</a></li>

<li><a href="Komta_language" title="Komta language">Komta language</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFCrozierBlenchHansfordStanford1992" class="citation book cs1">Crozier, David H.; <a href="Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Blench, Roger M.</a>; Hansford, Keir; Stanford, Ronald; <a href="John_Bendor-Samuel" title="John Bendor-Samuel">Bendor-Samuel, John T.</a> (1992) [1976]. <i>An index of Nigerian languages</i> (2nd ed.). Abuja; Dallas, TX: Nigerian Language Development Centre, Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages, <a href="University_of_Ilorin" title="University of Ilorin">University of Ilorin</a>; <a href="Summer_Institute_of_Linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Institute of Linguistics">Summer Institute of Linguistics</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Kleine2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kleine2010_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleine2010_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKleinewillinghöfer2010" class="citation conference cs1">Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich (December 2010). <i>Jalaa, the last member of an extinct language family</i>. Workshop Language Isolates in Africa. Lyon, France;</cite> which in words of the author is a revised edition of <cite id="CITEREFKleinewillinghöfer2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich (2001). "Jalaa - An almost forgotten language of NE Nigeria: A language isolate". In Nurse, Derek (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/42860811"><i>Historical Language Contact in Africa</i></a>. SUGIA Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika. Vol. 16/17. Cologne, Germany: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">239–</span>271. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-89645-091-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Blench2014-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blench2014_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blench2014_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Blench, Roger</a> (30 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Africa/General/African%20language%20isolates.pdf">"African language isolates: Circulation draft"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge, UK. p. 9.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2017" class="citation book cs1">Blench, Roger (2017). "African Language Isolates". In Campbell, Lyle (ed.). <i>Language Isolates</i>. Routledge Language Family. Routledge. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315750026">10.4324/9781315750026</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781138821057</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

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</style><div id="Languages_of_Nigeria140" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">Languages of Nigeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">English</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li>

<li><a href="Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Berom_language" title="Berom language">Berom</a></li>

<li><a href="Ebira_language" title="Ebira language">Ebira</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibibio-Efik_languages" title="Ibibio-Efik languages">Efik-Ibibio</a></li>

<li><a href="Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulfulde</a></li>

<li><a href="Gwari_language" title="Gwari language">Gbagyi</a></li>

<li><a href="Idoma_language" title="Idoma language">Idoma</a></li>

<li><a href="Igala_language" title="Igala language">Igala</a></li>

<li><a href="Isoko_language" title="Isoko language">Isoko</a></li>

<li><a href="Izere_language" title="Izere language">Izere</a></li>

<li><a href="Jukunoid_languages" title="Jukunoid languages">Jukun</a></li>

<li><a href="Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Karai-karai" title="Karai-karai">Karai-karai</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni_language" title="Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni language">Ukwuani</a></li>

<li><a href="Urhobo_language" title="Urhobo language">Urhobo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e6e6ff;"><div id="Indigenous_languages_(grouped_by_Nigerian_state)107" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Indigenous languages <span style="font-size: 85%;">(grouped by <a href="States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">Nigerian state</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Adamawa_State" title="Adamawa State">Adamawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Bacama_language" title="Bacama language">Bacama</a></li>

<li><a href="Chamba_Leko" title="Chamba Leko">Chamba Leko</a></li>

<li><a href="Holma_language" title="Holma language">Holma</a></li>

<li><a href="Hwana_language" title="Hwana language">Hwana</a></li>

<li><a href="Kamwe_language" title="Kamwe language">Kamwe</a></li>

<li><a href="Kanakuru_language" title="Kanakuru language">Kanakuru</a></li>

<li><a href="Kirya-Konz%C9%99l_language" title="Kirya-Konzəl language">Kirya-Konzəl</a></li>

<li><a href="Kpasam_language" title="Kpasam language">Kpasam</a></li>

<li><a href="Kugama_language" title="Kugama language">Kugama</a></li>

<li><a href="Kumba_language" title="Kumba language">Kumba</a></li>

<li><a href="Lamang_language" title="Lamang language">Lamang</a></li>

<li><a href="Longuda_language" title="Longuda language">Longuda</a></li>

<li><a href="Margi_language" title="Margi language">Margi</a></li>

<li><a href="Margi_South_language" title="Margi South language">Margi South</a></li>

<li><a href="Mumuye_language" title="Mumuye language">Mumuye</a></li>

<li><a href="Ngwaba_language" title="Ngwaba language">Ngwaba</a></li>

<li><a href="Nyong_language" title="Nyong language">Nyong</a></li>

<li><a href="Nzanyi_language" title="Nzanyi language">Nzanyi</a></li>

<li><a href="Psiky%C9%9B_dialect" title="Psikyɛ dialect">Psikyɛ</a></li>

<li><a href="Sukur_language" title="Sukur language">Sukur</a></li>

<li><a href="Taram_language" title="Taram language">Taram</a></li>

<li><a href="Yendang_language" title="Yendang language">Yendang</a></li>

<li><a href="Zizilivakan_language" title="Zizilivakan language">Zizilivakan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anaang_language" title="Anaang language">Anaang</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibibio_language" title="Ibibio language">Ibibio</a></li>

<li><a href="Obolo_language" title="Obolo language">Obolo</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Bauchi_State" title="Bauchi State">Bauchi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="%C6%81eele_language" title="Ɓeele language">Ɓeele</a></li>

<li><a href="Ciwogai_language" title="Ciwogai language">Ciwogai</a></li>

<li><a href="Dazawa_language" title="Dazawa language">Dazawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Dikaka_language" title="Dikaka language">Dikaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Dulbu_language" title="Dulbu language">Dulbu</a></li>

<li><a href="Galambu_language" title="Galambu language">Galambu</a></li>

<li><a href="Geruma_language" title="Geruma language">Geruma</a></li>

<li><a href="Giiwo_language" title="Giiwo language">Giiwo</a></li>

<li><a href="Guruntum_language" title="Guruntum language">Guruntum</a></li>

<li><a href="Jarawa_language_(Nigeria)" title="Jarawa language (Nigeria)">Jarawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Karekare_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karekare language">Karekare</a></li>

<li><a href="Kariya_language" title="Kariya language">Kariya</a></li>

<li><a href="Kir-Balar_language" title="Kir-Balar language">Kir-Balar</a></li>

<li><a href="Kushi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushi language">Kushi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kusur%E2%80%93Myet_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusur–Myet language">Kusur–Myet</a></li>

<li><a href="Kutto_language" title="Kutto language">Kutto</a></li>

<li><a href="Kwaami_language" title="Kwaami language">Kwaami</a></li>

<li><a href="Labir_language" title="Labir language">Labir</a></li>

<li><a href="Longuda_language" title="Longuda language">Longuda</a></li>

<li><a href="Mangas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangas language">Mangas</a></li>

<li><a href="Mburku_language" title="Mburku language">Mburku</a></li>

<li><a href="Polci_language" title="Polci language">Polci</a></li>

<li><a href="Shiki_language" title="Shiki language">Shiki</a></li>

<li><a href="Warji_language" title="Warji language">Warji</a></li>

<li><a href="Zangwal_language" title="Zangwal language">Zangwal</a></li>

<li><a href="Zumbun_language" title="Zumbun language">Zumbun</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Urhobo-Isoko" class="mw-redirect" title="Urhobo-Isoko">Urhobo-Isoko</a></li>

<li><a href="Southeast_Ijo" title="Southeast Ijo">Southeast Ijo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Benue_State" title="Benue State">Benue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eggon_language" title="Eggon language">Eggon</a></li>

<li><a href="Igede_language" title="Igede language">Igede</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afade_language" title="Afade language">Afade</a></li>

<li><a href="Cibak_language" title="Cibak language">Cibak</a></li>

<li><a href="Cineni_language" title="Cineni language">Cineni</a></li>

<li><a href="Dghwede_language" title="Dghwede language">Dghwede</a></li>

<li><a href="Glavda_language" title="Glavda language">Glavda</a></li>

<li><a href="Guduf-Gava_language" title="Guduf-Gava language">Guduf-Gava</a></li>

<li><a href="Gvoko_language" title="Gvoko language">Gvoko</a></li>

<li><a href="Jilbe_language" title="Jilbe language">Jilbe</a></li>

<li><a href="Kamwe_language" title="Kamwe language">Kamwe</a></li>

<li><a href="Kanakuru_language" title="Kanakuru language">Kanakuru</a></li>

<li><a href="Lamang_language" title="Lamang language">Lamang</a></li>

<li><a href="Maaka_language" title="Maaka language">Maaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Margi_language" title="Margi language">Margi</a></li>

<li><a href="Margi_South_language" title="Margi South language">Margi South</a></li>

<li><a href="Nggwahyi_language" title="Nggwahyi language">Nggwahyi</a></li>

<li><a href="Putai_language" title="Putai language">Putai</a></li>

<li><a href="Wandala_language" title="Wandala language">Wandala</a></li>

<li><a href="Yedina_language" title="Yedina language">Yedina</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cross_River_State" title="Cross River State">Cross River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abanyom_language" title="Abanyom language">Abanyom</a></li>

<li><a href="Mbembe_language" title="Mbembe language">Mbembe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Urhobo-Isoko" class="mw-redirect" title="Urhobo-Isoko">Urhobo-Isoko</a></li>

<li><a href="Isoko_language" title="Isoko language">Isoko</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni_language" title="Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni language">Ukwuani</a></li>

<li><a href="Urhobo_language" title="Urhobo language">Uhrobo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Edo_State" title="Edo State">Edo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afenmai_language" title="Afenmai language">Afenmai</a></li>

<li><a href="Ishan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishan language">Ishan</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gombe_State" title="Gombe State">Gombe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Bangwinji_language" title="Bangwinji language">Bangwinji</a></li>

<li><a href="Dadiya_language" title="Dadiya language">Dadiya</a></li>

<li><a href="Ngamo_language" title="Ngamo language">Ngamo</a></li>

<li><a href="Tangale_language" title="Tangale language">Tangale</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Jigawa_State" title="Jigawa State">Jigawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Teshenawa_language" title="Teshenawa language">Teshenawa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Kaduna_State" title="Kaduna State">Kaduna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adara_language" title="Adara language">Adara</a></li>

<li><a href="Ahwai_language" title="Ahwai language">Ahwai</a></li>

<li><a href="Atsam_language" title="Atsam language">Atsam</a></li>

<li><a href="Berom_language" title="Berom language">Berom</a></li>

<li><a href="Bu_language" title="Bu language">Bu-Ninkada</a></li>

<li><a href="Piti_language" title="Piti language">Bishi</a></li>

<li><a href="Dungu_language" title="Dungu language">Dungu</a></li>

<li><a href="Iku_language" title="Iku language">Ekhwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Gbagyi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gbagyi language">Gbagyi-Gbari</a></li>

<li><a href="Gwandara_language" title="Gwandara language">Gwandara</a></li>

<li><a href="Gyong_language" title="Gyong language">Gyong</a></li>

<li><a href="Hasha_language" title="Hasha language">Hasha</a></li>

<li><a href="Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li>

<li><a href="Kulu_language" title="Kulu language">Ikulu</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaivi_language" title="Kaivi language">Kaivi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kinuku_language" title="Kinuku language">Kinuku</a></li>

<li><a href="Kono_language_(Nigeria)" title="Kono language (Nigeria)">Koonu</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuwa-Zamani_language" title="Shuwa-Zamani language">Kuzamani</a></li>

<li><a href="Nghan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nghan language">Nghan</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikyob-Nindem_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikyob-Nindem language">Nikyob-Nindem</a></li>

<li><a href="Ninzo_language" title="Ninzo language">Ninzo</a></li>

<li><a href="Numana_language" title="Numana language">Numana</a></li>

<li><a href="Nungu_language" title="Nungu language">Nungu</a></li>

<li><a href="Nyankpa_language" title="Nyankpa language">Nyankpa</a></li>

<li><a href="Sambe_language" title="Sambe language">Sambe</a></li>

<li><a href="Shamang_language" title="Shamang language">Shamang</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurama_language" title="Kurama language">T'kurmi</a></li>

<li><a href="Map_language" title="Map language">Timap</a></li>

<li><a href="Sheni-Ziriya_language" title="Sheni-Ziriya language">TiSeni</a></li>

<li><a href="Vori_language" title="Vori language">Tivori</a></li>

<li><a href="Gbiri-Niragu_language" title="Gbiri-Niragu language">Tugbiri-Niragu</a></li>

<li><a href="Tyap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyap language">Tyap (Fantswam, Gworog, Sholyio, Takad, Tyap Mabatado, Tyecharak, Tyuku)</a></li>

<li><a href="Koro_Wachi_language" title="Koro Wachi language">Wachi</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhire_language" title="Zhire language">Zhire</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Kano_State" title="Kano State">Kano</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="%C6%8Auwai_language" title="Ɗuwai language">Ɗuwai</a></li>

<li><a href="Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurama_language" title="Kurama language">Tikurmi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Kebbi_State" title="Kebbi State">Kebbi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Damakawa_language" title="Damakawa language">Damakawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Hun-Saare_language" title="Hun-Saare language">Hun-Saare</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Kogi_State" title="Kogi State">Kogi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Basa-Benue_language" title="Basa-Benue language">Basa-Benue</a></li>

<li><a href="Bassa_Nge_people" title="Bassa Nge people">Bassa Nge</a></li>

<li><a href="Igala_language" title="Igala language">Igala</a></li>

<li><a href="Oworo_dialect" title="Oworo dialect">Oworo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Kwara_State" title="Kwara State">Kwara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kakanda_language" title="Kakanda language">Kakanda</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nasarawa_State" title="Nasarawa State">Nasarawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Alumu_language" title="Alumu language">Alumu</a></li>

<li><a href="Basa-Benue_language" title="Basa-Benue language">Basa-Benue</a></li>

<li><a href="Duhwa_language" title="Duhwa language">Duhwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Eggon_language" title="Eggon language">Eggon</a></li>

<li><a href="Hasha_language" title="Hasha language">Hasha</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Niger_State" title="Niger State">Niger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Bariba_language" title="Bariba language">Bariba</a></li>

<li><a href="Gbagyi_people" title="Gbagyi people">Gbagyi</a></li>

<li><a href="Gwandara_language" title="Gwandara language">Gwandara</a></li>

<li><a href="Jijili_language" title="Jijili language">Jijili</a></li>

<li><a href="Kakanda_language" title="Kakanda language">Kakanda</a></li>

<li><a href="Pongu_language" title="Pongu language">Pongu</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ondo_State" title="Ondo State">Ondo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Itsekiri_language" title="Itsekiri language">Itsekiri</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukaan_language" title="Ukaan language">Ukaan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plateau_State" title="Plateau State">Plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Barkul_language" title="Barkul language">Barkul</a></li>

<li><a href="Berom_language" title="Berom language">Berom</a></li>

<li><a href="Boghom_language" title="Boghom language">Bogghom</a></li>

<li><a href="Cakfem-Mushere_language" title="Cakfem-Mushere language">Cakfem-Mushere</a></li>

<li><a href="Goemai_language" title="Goemai language">Goemai</a></li>

<li><a href="Horom_language" title="Horom language">Horom</a></li>

<li><a href="Izere_language" title="Izere language">Izere</a></li>

<li><a href="Jorto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorto language">Jorto</a></li>

<li><a href="Koenoem_language" title="Koenoem language">Koenoem</a></li>

<li><a href="Kofyar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofyar language">Kofyar</a></li>

<li><a href="Kulere_language" title="Kulere language">Kulere</a></li>

<li><a href="Miship_language" title="Miship language">Miship</a></li>

<li><a href="Montol_language" title="Montol language">Montol</a></li>

<li><a href="Mundat_language" title="Mundat language">Mundat</a></li>

<li><a href="Mwaghavul_language" title="Mwaghavul language">Mwaghavul</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyapun_language" title="Pyapun language">Pyapun</a></li>

<li><a href="Rigwe_language" title="Rigwe language">Rigwe</a></li>

<li><a href="Tambas_language" title="Tambas language">Tambas</a></li>

<li><a href="Tarok_language" title="Tarok language">Tarok</a></li>

<li><a href="Tyap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyap language">Tyap (Takad)</a></li>

<li><a href="Yankam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yankam language">Yankam</a></li>

<li><a href="Yiwom_language" title="Yiwom language">Yiwom</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Biseni_language" title="Biseni language">Biseni</a></li>

<li><a href="Defaka_language" title="Defaka language">Defaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Degema_language" title="Degema language">Degema</a></li>

<li><a href="Ekpeye_language" title="Ekpeye language">Ekpeye</a></li>

<li><a href="Eleme_language" title="Eleme language">Eleme</a></li>

<li><a href="Engenni_language" title="Engenni language">Engenni</a></li>

<li><a href="Gokana_language" title="Gokana language">Gokana</a></li>

<li><a href="Ikwerre_language" title="Ikwerre language">Ikwerre</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalabari_language" title="Kalabari language">Kalabari</a></li>

<li><a href="Khana_language" title="Khana language">Khana</a></li>

<li><a href="Kugbo_language" title="Kugbo language">Kugbo</a></li>

<li><a href="Nkoroo_language" title="Nkoroo language">Nkoroo</a></li>

<li><a href="Obolo_language" title="Obolo language">Obolo</a></li>

<li><a href="Obulom_language" title="Obulom language">Obulom</a></li>

<li><a href="Odual_language" title="Odual language">Odual</a></li>

<li><a href="Ogbogolo_language" title="Ogbogolo language">Ogbogolo</a></li>

<li><a href="Ogbronuagum_language" title="Ogbronuagum language">Ogbronuagum</a></li>

<li><a href="Ogoni_languages" title="Ogoni languages">Ogoni</a></li>

<li><a href="Okodia_language" title="Okodia language">Okodia</a></li>

<li><a href="Oruma_language" title="Oruma language">Oruma</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni_language" title="Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni language">Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Taraba_State" title="Taraba State">Taraba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baissa_Fali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baissa Fali language">Baissa Fali</a></li>

<li><a href="Dadiya_language" title="Dadiya language">Dadiya</a></li>

<li><a href="Donga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Donga language">Donga</a></li>

<li><a href="Kholok_language" title="Kholok language">Kholok</a></li>

<li><a href="Kpati_language" title="Kpati language">Kpati</a></li>

<li><a href="Mumuye_language" title="Mumuye language">Mumuye</a></li>

<li><a href="Nyingwom_language" title="Nyingwom language">Nyingwom</a></li>

<li><a href="Pangseng_language" title="Pangseng language">Pangseng</a></li>

<li><a href="Tarok_language" title="Tarok language">Tarok</a></li>

<li><a href="Yendang_language" title="Yendang language">Yendang</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Yobe_State" title="Yobe State">Yobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="%C6%8Auwai_language" title="Ɗuwai language">Ɗuwai</a></li>

<li><a href="Karekare_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karekare language">Karekare</a></li>

<li><a href="Ngamo_language" title="Ngamo language">Ngamo</a></li>

<li><a href="Ngizim_language" title="Ngizim language">Ngizim</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nigerian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Sign Language">Nigerian Sign Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Bura_Sign_Language" title="Bura Sign Language">Bura Sign Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Hausa_Sign_Language" title="Hausa Sign Language">Hausa Sign Language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a></li>

<li><a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li>

<li><a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a></li>

<li><a href="Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li>

<li><a href="Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li>

<li><a href="Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pan-Nigerian_alphabet" title="Pan-Nigerian alphabet">Pan-Nigerian alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian braille</a></li>

<li><a href="Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families757" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Primary_language_families757" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><b><a href="Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li>

<li><b><a href="Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li>

<li><b><a href="Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>(?)</li>

<li><a href="Dogon_languages" title="Dogon languages">Dogon</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Ijoid_languages" title="Ijoid languages">Ijoid</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Katloid_languages" title="Katloid languages">Katla</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Lafofa_languages" title="Lafofa languages">Lafofa</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Rashad_languages" title="Rashad languages">Rashad</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Talodi%E2%80%93Heiban_languages" title="Talodi–Heiban languages">Talodi–Heiban</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li>

<li><a href="Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li>

<li><a href="Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Mimi_of_Decorse" title="Mimi of Decorse">Mimi of Decorse</a>?</i></li>

<li><a href="Ongota_language" title="Ongota language">Ongota</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br>(<a href="Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br>and <a href="Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><b><a href="Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li>

<li><b><a href="Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li>

<li><b><a href="Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li>

<li><i><a href="Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li>

<li><b><a href="Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li>

<li><a href="Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li>

<li><a href="Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li>

<li><a href="Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li>

<li><a href="Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li>

<li><i><a href="Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li>

<li><b><a href="Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li>

<li><a href="Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li>

<li><a href="Arunachal_languages" title="Arunachal languages">Arunachal</a>?

<ul><li><a href="Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li>

<li><a href="Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li>

<li><a href="Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Rutuli" title="Rutuli">Rutulian</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li>

<li><a href="Bugun_language" title="Bugun language">Bugun</a>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan</a>?</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a>?</i></li>

<li><a href="Hruso_language" title="Hruso language">Hruso</a>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li>

<li><a href="Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br>and <a href="Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Berau_Gulf_languages" title="Berau Gulf languages">Berau Gulf</a></li>

<li><a href="Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li>

<li><a href="Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li>

<li><a href="Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li>

<li><a href="Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li>

<li><a href="Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li>

<li><a href="East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li>

<li><a href="Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li>

<li><a href="Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li>

<li><a href="Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li>

<li><a href="Gogodala%E2%80%93Suki_languages" title="Gogodala–Suki languages">Gogodala–Suki</a></li>

<li><a href="Hatam%E2%80%93Mansim_languages" title="Hatam–Mansim languages">Hatam–Mansim</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li>

<li><a href="Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li>

<li><a href="Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li>

<li><a href="Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li>

<li><a href="Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li>

<li><a href="Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mantion%E2%80%93Meax_languages" title="Mantion–Meax languages">Mantion–Meax</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Halmahera_languages" title="North Halmahera languages">North Halmahera</a></li>

<li><a href="Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li>

<li><a href="Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li>

<li><a href="Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li>

<li><a href="South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li>

<li><a href="Teberan%E2%80%93Pawaian_languages" title="Teberan–Pawaian languages">Teberan–Pawaian</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li>

<li><a href="Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li>

<li><a href="Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawan</a></li>

<li><a href="Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li>

<li><a href="West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a>?</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li>

<li><a href="Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso</a></li>

<li><a href="Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li>

<li><a href="Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li>

<li><a href="Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Gunwinyguan languages">Gunwinyguan</a></li>

<li><a href="Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li>

<li><a href="Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li>

<li><a href="Maningrida_languages" title="Maningrida languages">Maningrida</a></li>

<li><a href="Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a></li>

<li><a href="Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li>

<li><a href="Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a> (Northern Daly?)</li>

<li><a href="Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li>

<li><a href="Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a>?</i></li>

<li><a href="Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li>

<li><i><a href="Gaagudju_language" title="Gaagudju language">Gaagudju</a>?</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kungarakany_language" title="Kungarakany language">Kungarakany</a>?</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br>America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><b><a href="Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li>

<li><a href="Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li>

<li><a href="Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yuki–Wappo</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atakapa</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Cayuse_language" title="Cayuse language">Cayuse</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Coahuilteco_language" title="Coahuilteco language">Coahuilteco</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Cotoname_language" title="Cotoname language">Cotoname</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li>

<li><a href="Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li>

<li><a href="Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li>

<li><a href="Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></i></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><b><a href="Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li>

<li><a href="Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li>

<li><b><a href="Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li>

<li><a href="Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li>

<li><i><a href="Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li>

<li><a href="Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br>America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li>

<li><a href="Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li>

<li><a href="Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arawan</a></li>

<li><a href="Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li>

<li><a href="Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li>

<li><a href="Bororoan_languages" title="Bororoan languages">Bororoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Ca%C3%B1ari%E2%80%93Puruh%C3%A1_languages" title="Cañari–Puruhá languages">Cañari–Puruhá</a></i></li>

<li><b><a href="Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Chicham</a></li>

<li><a href="Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li>

<li><a href="Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li>

<li><a href="Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Huarpean_languages" title="Huarpean languages">Huarpean</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Kakwa_language" title="Kakwa language">Kakwa</a>-<a href="Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Kariri_languages" title="Kariri languages">Kariri</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a></i></li>

<li><b><a href="Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li>

<li><a href="Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li>

<li><a href="Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li>

<li><a href="Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li>

<li><a href="Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li>

<li><a href="Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Xukuruan_languages" title="Xukuruan languages">Xukuruan</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li>

<li><a href="Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i>?</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a></li>

<li><a href="Arutani_language" title="Arutani language">Arutani</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Betoi_language" title="Betoi language">Betoi</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Kam%C3%ABnt%C5%A1%C3%A1_language" title="Kamëntšá language">Camsá</a></li>

<li><a href="Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi-Shapra</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Cayubaba_language" title="Cayubaba language">Cayubaba</a></li>

<li><a href="Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li>

<li><a href="Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Chono_language" title="Chono language">Chono</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Culle_language" title="Culle language">Culle</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Esmeralda_language" title="Esmeralda language">Esmeralda</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Guach%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guachí language">Guachí</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Guamo_language" title="Guamo language">Guamo</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li>

<li><a href="Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwaza</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku/Jukude</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Matanawi_language" title="Matanawi language">Matanawi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mochica_language" title="Mochica language">Mochica</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Munichi_language" title="Munichi language">Munichi</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Omurano_language" title="Omurano language">Omurano</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Payagu%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Payaguá language">Payaguá</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Purian_languages" title="Purian languages">Purian</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Sechura_language" title="Sechura language">Sechura</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tall%C3%A1n_language" title="Tallán language">Tallán</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Taruma_language" title="Taruma language">Taruma</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Taushiro_language" title="Taushiro language">Taushiro</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tequiraca_language" title="Tequiraca language">Tequiraca</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li>

<li><a href="Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li>

<li><a href="Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Waorani/Huaorani</a></li>

<li><a href="Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaruro_language" title="Yaruro language">Yaruro</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yahgan</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Yurumangui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yurumangui language">Yurumangui</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Katembri_language" title="Katembri language">Katembri</a>?</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Sanavir%C3%B3n_language" title="Sanavirón language">Sanavirón</a>?</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br>languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Australian Aboriginal</a></li>

<li><a href="BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li>

<li><b><a href="French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></b></li>

<li><a href="German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li>

<li><a href="Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li>

<li><a href="Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li>

<li><a href="Paraguay%E2%80%93Uruguay_Sign_Language_family" title="Paraguay–Uruguay Sign Language family">Paraguay–Uruguay</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Providencia%E2%80%93Cayman_Sign_Language_family" title="Providencia–Cayman Sign Language family">Providencia–Cayman</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Sudanese_sign_languages" title="Sudanese sign languages">Sudanese</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul>

<ul><li><i>See <a href="List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Village_sign_language" title="Village sign language">Village sign languages</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li>

<li><a href="Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li>

<li><a href="Spurious_languages" title="Spurious languages">Spurious languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled languages</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-25" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Jalaa_language&oldid=1277645466">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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